2-26-09

Ushogi mncane = small chalk
Gcoba =because

inuka kamnandi - it smells good

Commands:
commands with transitive verbs must end in -e

ngixolele = forgive me (command)

-tshela = tell
tell me = ngitshele

Ngitshele, uyamazi uMuzi? - tell me, do you know Muzi?
u + ya + azi --> uyamazi, -m- (from uMuzi) insereted between vowels
Ngiyamazi uMuzi - I know Muzi

Ngisize, Nkulie - Help me, Nonkululeko
ngizokusiza - I will help you

Angizukusiza - I will not help you

ya vs. hamba
If you are speaking of a destination, never use -hamba

Locative:
e-
kwa- (proprietary places, most businesses, stores, people's places - kwaMuzi)
ku- when making human beings and class 1 nouns into a place in the locative tense, use ku-

Izinsuku zesonto
M - uMsombuluko on M. ngo-
T - uLwesibili ""
W - uLwesithathu ""
TH - uLwesine ""
F - uLwesihlanu ""
Sat - uMgqibelo ""
S - iSonto nge-

what day of the week? - ngolwesingaki?

Times of the Day
Ekuseni = in the morning
Imini = midday
Intambama = afternoon
Kusihlwa = in the evening
Ubusuku = night

Synonyms
usuku - day
imini - noon, day
ilanga - sun, day

listening to the News

phakathi =
ekuseni
emlenzeni
incwaki
zamaphandle - in the country
lehliswe - lower
umgqomo - can
nomhlaba - and the world
semfuleni - at the river
fikela - arrive
donsa - pull
yisakamuzi - resident
noma kuphi = anywhere
noma kanjani = anyhow

lokhu - this, as in this matter

luhlanya - he is crazy (among friends)
uyahlekisa - he is weird

Homework:
Umsebenzi VII in Sanibona

Quiz tuesday:
- colors and numbers,
-times of the day (in the morning ekuseni, emini, kusilwa pg. 61)
-give a answer, request a question
- anything on the blog, the exercises
-question words
-weather

2-25-09

Wenzani khona? - what do you do there?
kwenzekeni? - What happened?
kancane kancane - bit by bit
Ngizocela siyishiye - I request that we leave it behind
okwamanje - for now, for the time being
uhambo - journey, trip
Khiphani incwadi - take out the book (from -khipa [= extract] + -ni [plural command])
ngicela nikhiphe incwadi - I request that you (pl.) take out the book
(polite request with subjunctive)

silapha eBU - we are here at BU

Umfundisi ulaphaya esontweni = Preacher is there at church
Umfundisi usesontweni = Preacher is at church

isonto elilodwa = one week

ekuseni - in the morning
kusihlwa - in the evening, dusk

-thengisa = -dayisa = to sell
antonym: -thenga

izinto zonke (zi + onke) = all things

Umsebenzi I aqnd Umsebenzi II on page 148 is Masikhulume

2-12-09_notes

Past tenses

-e vs. -ile
ngigijimile = I ran (-gijima = run)
ngigijime kakhulu = I ran a lot

use the long form when there is nothing following the verb

another past tense
Bengigijima = I was running

Ngiyajuluka ngoba bengigijima = I am sweating because I was running
-juluka = to sweat

Singabhala = we can/may all write
(Si + nga + bhala)

Kuyashisa = hot

New conjunctions
ngakhoke - therefore
ukuba = uma - if

buzani ukuba ninemibuzo - ask if you have a question

Sidetrack to dead people
amathumbu = intestines
igazi = blood
isidumbu = corpse, carcass
enkomo = of a cow

Notes on pronunciation
t vs. th
isithembu (polygamy) -th- is like the t sound in English
isitembu (stamp) -t- is ejective, sharp, no aspiration
(to practice, use the paper trick)

utata = father in Xhosa
-thatha = take

boleka - borrow, lend

synonyms
Ingane = umtwana (child)
Ingoma = icula (song, hymn, anthem)
kuyabisa

ethula = azisa (to introduce

ngifuna ukuwethula umngane (I want to introduce my friend)
ukukwazisa

all nouns that begin with i uses -yi- construction
e.g. isitshudeni ngiyitshudeni, siyitshudeni
as opposed to singabafundi, ungumfundi

-khohlwa = to forget
ngikhohliwe (I have forgotten)
umfundisi ukhohlwe isibongo sakhe (Preacher forgot his last name)

Angizukholwa = I am no going to forget
NOTE: negative future (I will not) uses -zu-

cishe ngikholwe = I almost forgot

(u)tsotsi = isikelemu (rogue, thug, crook, robber)

inkosikazi = umfazi (woman)
(umfazi not used by young me to older women, among women and men separately)
Q: utisha uyindoda? (is the teache a man)
R: cha, akayona indoda. Ungumfazi. (No, she is not a man. She is a woman)

-elani = why are you _ing?
njalo = always
nintombi yimfowethu = my brother's girlfriend
isoka = boyfriend
isithandawa = lover, general

2-11-09

Health
Injani ingalo? = how is your arm
Ingalo ingcoco. = it is better

Nginomkhuhlane (Ngi + na + umkhuhlane) = I have a cold/flew/fever

ungcono

Nginekhanda = I have a head(ache)
(ikhanda = head, iqanda = egg)

inyawo, izinyawo = feet
isandla, izandla = hand
shayzandla - clap your hands (lit. beat you hands)
umdolo, amadolo - knee
isisu - stomach
-phetwe (passive) - I am suffering from (+ yisisu, gamadolo)

bobabili - both of them
abasebenzi - they dont work
abasabenzi - they no longer work (ngoba badala = because they are grown)

usho njani ukuthi __? - how do you say __?
kusho ukuthini ukuthi __? - what does it mean

thenga - buy
thengisa = dayisa - to sell

uhleli? - are you awake?
Ngihleli! - I am awake

Note on pluralization of borrowed words
imoto, izimoto
(goes to class 9)

abafowethu - my brothers
abafowabo - his brothers
abafowenu - your brothers

nami - me too
mina - as for me

usebenza ngekhompyuta = he/she works with computers

e- vs. kwa-
store names use kwa-, most places, generally use e-
masizwe - let us hear

nginababfowethu ababili - I have two brothers
badala kunami - older than me
omnane kubo - the younger one
akanadadewabo - she doesn't have a sister
angindadewethu - I dont have a sister

uyinjeneli - engineer

Homework
umsebenzi I and II on page 60, Sawubona

2-10-09_notes

Quiz today

synonyms:
xoxa = khuluma,

Ngiyeza khona manje = I will return now

irregular verbs: Latent i-
(i)hla
(i)mba
(i)ma
(i)zwa
(i)ba

never seen but when combined with -ya- indicating present (as opposed to -ya, to go)
ngi + ya + (i)za ---> ngiyeza

next week
kuleli sonto (of iviki)

ngoMsombuluko = Monday (when the week unfolds)

ijeneli lami lesiZulu

Bengidlala ibasketball ngoLwesihlanu. Bengidlala kahle kodwa ngiyabasha nolwayomi uyadlala. Ngithole amaqhuza ingamashumi amabili. Esikhathi sasekuseni silandelayo, ngilale kwazi kwentambama (a + i = ?). Ngixoxe nomhlobo efacebook. UyaMsuthu kodwa uzwa isiZulu. Ngihlange naye enyaka umosha eNew York. Igama lakho nguLandy. Uthanda umbhoxo nokusina.

2-5-09

I was late so I will fill in the notes with SCotts or Noreen's

For the negative, verbs ending in -ala end in -langa
uMuzi ukfika leythi
ushiywe libhesi - the bus left him

Sizo cula iculo (OR ingoma) = we will sing a song

uNkulunkulu = God (uThixo in Xhosa)

Good song.
uJezu uzubuya nini
khona manje x@

khona manje
khona manje

Jesus is coming back
right now

khona is there, (or present) alone

ukhona he is present
ngikhona = I am present (fine)

sizofunda kuqala

amaXhosa don't have more clicks but they are pronounced with more force
Khoisan is moreclicky

umngane wami = my friend
Nangu = here is
(changes with different governing nouns
eg. nasi incwadi, naba amalungu, nayi iphen)

wethula = he/she is introducing
u + ethula --> wethula
synonym: -zisa

Konje = and now OR BTW

ngiyajabula ukukwazi = pleased to know you

uvelaphi = where do you come from

Hawu = oh!
Pho = Then! and now! (interjection)

-vakasha = visit
vakashile = past and stative
-busa = enjoy

ngiyethemba = I hope

abakhi = builder

Nngingu nguNOAH wakwa nguMCKENNA
ngingowakwaMcKenna

izithakazelo = clan names
in Xhosa isibongo is only clan name but there is some borrowing of expressions (isibongo sakhe?)
in Zulu isibongo is last name or praise name

umfundi, abafundi - student(s)

noma = or

njalonjalo = etc.
njalo = alwyas

ngi + i-noun --> ngiyi-
ngiyipoyisa
ngiyindoda

um-, abahlali = residents
um, abadlali = players, jokers

Abafana bangabadlali (boys are players)
OR gabadlali

Note on tonality of isiZulu
U- high is someone else
U -low is you

2-4-09_zulu notes

Verb Tenses:
Izolo = yesterday (past)
Siyafundile or (short form) siyafunde (+ object or adverbs, or anything following verbs)

Namuhla/namhlanje = today (present)
Siyafunda or (short form) Sifunda (+ object)

kusasa = tomorrow (future)
Sizofunda

-badla = play (to play soccer = + ibhola likanobhtshuzwayo, isoca in Xhosa)
-bhala = to write
-dla = eat


in/im (sometimes i-) --> pl. izin-
i(li)- --> pl. ama-

There is also a narrative past tense

anginombuzo = I dont have a question
a + ngi + na+ umbuzo

I have a book
ngi + na + incwadi
nginencwadi

sinombuzo
ayikho imibuzo = the questions are not there
akukho mibuzo = there are no questions

mus' uku + yenza ---> mus'ukwenza

siza = help
cwecwa = peel

futhi = as well
impela = really

answer questions on pg. 30 Sanibona
quiz tuesday
look at 117-120 in masikhulume (commands positive and negative)
147-155 tomorrow
43-49 download and read