2-12-09_notes

Past tenses

-e vs. -ile
ngigijimile = I ran (-gijima = run)
ngigijime kakhulu = I ran a lot

use the long form when there is nothing following the verb

another past tense
Bengigijima = I was running

Ngiyajuluka ngoba bengigijima = I am sweating because I was running
-juluka = to sweat

Singabhala = we can/may all write
(Si + nga + bhala)

Kuyashisa = hot

New conjunctions
ngakhoke - therefore
ukuba = uma - if

buzani ukuba ninemibuzo - ask if you have a question

Sidetrack to dead people
amathumbu = intestines
igazi = blood
isidumbu = corpse, carcass
enkomo = of a cow

Notes on pronunciation
t vs. th
isithembu (polygamy) -th- is like the t sound in English
isitembu (stamp) -t- is ejective, sharp, no aspiration
(to practice, use the paper trick)

utata = father in Xhosa
-thatha = take

boleka - borrow, lend

synonyms
Ingane = umtwana (child)
Ingoma = icula (song, hymn, anthem)
kuyabisa

ethula = azisa (to introduce

ngifuna ukuwethula umngane (I want to introduce my friend)
ukukwazisa

all nouns that begin with i uses -yi- construction
e.g. isitshudeni ngiyitshudeni, siyitshudeni
as opposed to singabafundi, ungumfundi

-khohlwa = to forget
ngikhohliwe (I have forgotten)
umfundisi ukhohlwe isibongo sakhe (Preacher forgot his last name)

Angizukholwa = I am no going to forget
NOTE: negative future (I will not) uses -zu-

cishe ngikholwe = I almost forgot

(u)tsotsi = isikelemu (rogue, thug, crook, robber)

inkosikazi = umfazi (woman)
(umfazi not used by young me to older women, among women and men separately)
Q: utisha uyindoda? (is the teache a man)
R: cha, akayona indoda. Ungumfazi. (No, she is not a man. She is a woman)

-elani = why are you _ing?
njalo = always
nintombi yimfowethu = my brother's girlfriend
isoka = boyfriend
isithandawa = lover, general